Gallstones, or cholelithiasis, are hardened deposits that form in the gallbladder, a small organ located beneath the liver that stores and releases bile to aid in digestion. During pregnancy, hormonal changes and shifts in bile composition can increase the risk of gallstone formation, making this a common concern for expectant mothers.
Let us explore the symptoms, causes, risk factors and safe management strategies for gallstones during pregnancy, helping you understand how to protect both your health and your baby’s well-being.
Symptoms of Gallstones During Pregnancy
Gallstone symptoms in pregnancy can vary greatly. Some women may not experience any discomfort, while others may develop severe, debilitating symptoms.
Common Symptoms
The most typical sign is abdominal pain, often felt in the upper right quadrant, especially after meals (biliary colic). Other symptoms include nausea, vomiting, indigestion and bloating.
Serious Complications
More severe signs—such as jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), clay-coloured stools, dark urine, fever, chills and persistent, intense pain—may indicate complications like:
- Cholecystitis (gallbladder inflammation)
- Choledocholithiasis (stones in the bile duct)
- Cholangitis (bile duct infection)
- Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)
Gallstones during pregnancy are typically confirmed through abdominal imaging. The preferred method is ultrasound, as it is safe for both mother and baby. In certain cases, an MRI may be used, while X-rays are avoided to protect the foetus. If additional imaging is needed, it should be guided by a multidisciplinary team including obstetricians and radiologists.
Gallstone Treatment During Pregnancy
Treatment for gallstones during pregnancy focuses on relieving symptoms and preventing complications, with the approach varying by trimester.
First Trimester
Surgery is usually avoided during this stage due to higher risks of miscarriage and low birth weight. Your gallstone doctor will typically recommend conservative management, including dietary changes, safe pain relief, and close monitoring, delaying surgery whenever possible.
Second Trimester
If surgery is needed, the second trimester is considered the safest time, especially laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This minimally invasive procedure allows for faster recovery and poses lower risks to both mother and baby compared to open surgery.
Third Trimester and Post-Delivery
During the third trimester, gallbladder removal is often postponed until after delivery, particularly if the pregnancy is near term, to minimise complications. Post-delivery surgery generally allows for an easier procedure and quicker recovery.
Potential Complications of Gallstones During Pregnancy
Leaving gallstones untreated during pregnancy can lead to several serious complications:
Inflammation and Infection
Gallstones can block the gallbladder or bile ducts, causing inflammation (cholecystitis) or infection (cholangitis). These conditions may result in severe pain, fever and chills, and in rare cases, a ruptured gallbladder, which requires immediate medical attention.
Jaundice
A blocked bile duct can cause a buildup of bilirubin, leading to yellowing of the skin and eyes, dark urine and pale stools.
Pancreatitis
If a gallstone blocks the pancreatic duct, it can trigger pancreatitis, resulting in severe abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. This can be dangerous for both mother and baby.
Preterm Birth and Other Risks
Complications like cholecystitis may increase the risk of preterm delivery, longer hospital stays or readmission. Although rare, severe cases may affect maternal or infant health.
Managing gallstones during pregnancy is essential for the well-being of both mother and baby. Regular prenatal check-ups help detect problems early, allowing for timely treatment. If you are experiencing symptoms or have concerns about gallstones, schedule a consultation with our specialist. With personalised support and expert guidance, we’ll help you navigate pregnancy safely and confidently—for the well-being of both you and your little one.